Google’s Channel Strategy

Google’s corporate strategy can be divided into four segments: Product and Marketing strategy, Competition strategy, Growth strategy, and Financial strategy. Google has a strategic orientation of immediate policy focus, for example, the company’s concern for competition associated matters. In other words, Google is more inclined to find the need to beat rivals rather than being held up with a strategic policy. Therefore, product orientation strategy has an immense predisposition to identify faults and space of rivals and getting in there to diminish the competition.They are also highly focused on which segments of the mass market are neglected and would afford their products. This includes whether to expand in a certain region or pull out of an area due to failure to achieve set goals. The marketing strategy is influenced by the approach of product placement. Google would like to make the glasses accessible to everyone. It is a device that can be used by the mass market and Google has the background and tools to market successfully to those targets. They want to make it usable for all groups and that means making the device simple and easy to use.Google’s growth is immensely mounting and is directly associated with the managing of customer relations. Google’s made a great choice to grow through their customers because their technological capabilities such as detection of bad practices, customer feedback, information management and result analysis have improved greatly through staying connected to a loyal customer base. Through the eyes of the customer, Google has matured through new products and services such as Google Calendar, Groups, Gmail, Docs, Mobile, Maps, Blogger, and more that have all successfully given the customers their satisfaction.Their growth ties in with their devotion to focus on the user and having all else follow. Google knows that they are a Search Company first. This means that Google recognizes what they are be st at, and to do that one thing, which is to solve search problems, to the best of their ability and focus mainly on that. Secondly, they try to improve in the areas that they are somewhat weak in. But this doesn’t mean they lose focus of their strategy of putting their strengths first and improving them to such a degree to create an everlasting competitive advantage. Google’s distribution objective is to increase exposure to the business markets.We will be exclusively dealing because it encourages marketing support. We will be able to work with another company in getting the product out there and making it known while Google doesn’t have to bear the whole burden. It also allows Google to be a step ahead of its competitors in having a big retailer to sell through and having them only committed to Google. This gives Google a great advantage over their competitors and separates Google from their competitors. There are three main goals for distribution. First, Goog le will have functioning marketing channels within 1 year after launch.This will allow them to transport and store goods as well as gather information and market research in order to plan and assist in exchange. Second, Google will gain market share in the consumer cell phone market within 2 years. From this, Google then poses a challenge towards its competitors by offering a better performance through introducing an innovative new product and gaining a competitive edge. The last goal is that Google Glasses becomes the dominant business communication tool within 3 years. It’s a one of a kind product as or right now and getting a head start allows Google to achieve this objective.Their strategy for differentiation is to gain direct access to business clients to support distribution goals. With goals come key issues that affect the attainment thereof. Google has to create relationships with its channel members. They need to have cooperation and collaboration to create synergy. Along with this, proper training and execution of sales force to target business market needs to be implemented. Creating such a motivating channel member force will only bring positive rewards towards making this product a success and accomplishing our goal to get it in the hands of those that Google is pursuing.

Product Life Cycle Stage of Godrej Chotukool Essay

1. Introduction: This stage is characterised by Low competition, efforts to educate consumers about the product, trials and free samples. 2. Growth: This stage is characterised by mass promotions and attempts to differentiate the product from that of competitors. 3. Maturity: In this stage, firms focus on finding new target segments and creating value additions. 4. Decline: In this stage, the product class mostly dies due to strong competitors or obsolete technology. Firms focus on sales promotion, tie ups or move on to emerging markets. Godrej Chotukool currently lies in its introduction stage. According to Godrej Appliances Vice-President (Corporate Development) G Sunderraman,the company is currently focussing on: 1. Educating the new end users, training the intermediaries and building the distribution infrastructure. 2. Communicating a distinct value proposition to the emerging consumers is also a challenge. 3. For Chotukool, the Godrej group has junked the traditional model of a proprietary channel with a sales force and a distributor-dealer chain and has joined hands with micro-finance institutions. 4. Chotukool requires demonstration and education which doesn’t happen in the trade, so Godrej was reluctant to use traditional trade channels. The company has entered into a marketing tie-up with the India Post (Maharashtra Circle) to leverage the vast reach of the latter in terms of number of offices and manpower to push sales of ‘ChotuKool’ .The India Post team will not only generate sales leads, but will also book orders and collect payment from customers. For physical delivery of ChotuKools at customer’s doorsteps, Godrej uses Express Parcel Post Service. 5. Apart from this, Godrej also involves village girls in selling the products at a commission of Rs 150 per product sold (something that the company claims will reduce the distribution and marketing costs by 40 per cent). For Chotukool, the Godrej group has junked the traditional model of a proprietary channel with a sales force and a distributor-dealer chain and has joined hands with micro-finance institutions. This new distribution ecosystem is just one of the unique experiments that Godrej is trying out to make a splash in the bottom of the pyramid refrigerator market. There are many more. But the clear winner is its cost. At Rs 3,250, it costs almost 35 per cent less than the cheapest category of refrigerators available in the market today. Apart from involving village girls in selling the products at a commission of Rs 150 per product sold (something that the company claims will reduce the distribution and marketing costs by 40 per cent), Godrej has gone in for several engineering innovations to keep the price low. The size is small and the number of parts in Chotukool has been reduced to just 20 instead of 200 that go into regular refrigerators. References: 1. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-05-22/news/29571277_1_rural-markets-godrej-appliances-infrastructure

Central venous catheter

Central venous catheter Essay Healthcare institutes today are confronting a major job with centrally-line- associated blood stream infections ( CLABSIs ) . CLABSIs occur normally and are the most potentially preventable beginning if morbidity. This research was conducted to see how cardinal line packages could be use to extinguish CLABSIs. Harmonizing to the Sutter Roseville medical centre ( SRMC ) . they have seven old ages of zero CLABSIs. by utilizing a broader attack of the cardinal line buddle instead so the conventional buddle required by the CDC ( Harnage. 2012 ) . The SRMC’s. cardinal line buddle is ease to utilize and failure cogent evidence as shown in figure 1 of the article ( Harnage ) . This article explained how assorted constituent of the cardinal line buddle were modified to accomplish zero infection of CLABSIs by the SRMC. The most of import point of this attack was riddance of infection through cardinal lines. The success of this attack was base on the protocol implemented on dressing alteration. catheter flushing and day-to-day checking of all cardinal lines. Dressing alterations were done merely when the site was musss but with the protocol is done every 7 yearss and as needed. besides the catheter lines were been flushed with normal saline so with Lipo-Hepin utilizing a positive force per unit area flower. but now flushing is done every 8 hours when non in usage or before and after medicine disposal with 10ml of normal saline utilizing a push and intermission technique. Remember these lines can non be use if there is no blo od return and the authority checked. For this protocol to be effectual. instruction and preparation was mandated for the registry nurses. that is a one -on -one bedside preparation. The registry nurses are the one time utilizing this line on a day-to-day bases so developing them on the usage of this line were a major yesteryear in the infection control procedure. An facet in the dressing alteration kit in was besides nurse friendly in that all the supplies needed for the dressing alteration were topographic point in a individual bundle. By seting everything together it helped the nurse to easy entree everything they need. because due to the many undertakings the nurse needs to make. they may be tempted to short-circuit or jump wholly preventative patterns that are excessively clip devouring. The nurses besides had to document on a day-to-day base on the patient flow sheet how the site and dressing on the line expression. therefore doing the nurses take duty and accountabit of the site. The chief job with this attack was that it wasn’t cost effectual. But harmonizing on research. CLABSIs cost from $ 21300 and $ 35000 to handle. therefore avoiding infections can salvage most healthcare institute 100s of 1000s of lbs yearly ( Harnage ) . I will wish everyone who reads this article to implement it because is a patient first civilization attack and we every bit healthcare provide are at that place to supply attention to patient and do no injury. With that say. my clinical group for NURS 210 at Grace Fairview have since this pattern and protocol and have besides participated in it execution. So from experience I will follow the attack and promote my registry nurses colleague to make same because the benefits out weight the disadvantages. Mention.Harnage. S. ( 2012 ) Seven old ages of zero cardinal – line – associate blood stream infections. British Journal of Nursing. 2012 ( IVTHERAPY SUPPLEMENT ) . Vol 21. No 21

BUS 263 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

BUS 263 - Essay Example According to the CPSC (Murray), there is a total cost of up to $3,100 over 15 years for a table saw whose original costs may be only $100 to $300. This cost takes into account (1) direct medical costs, but more importantly (2) legal costs for the inevitable lawsuits which surface over bodily injury. What is not counted in the cost is the legal expense incurred by the manufacturers, even if they win the case. In the past, Quik-Cut could argue in personal-injury cases that its customers were using state-of-the-art technology at their own risk. In the future, the company has fewer legal arguments. Even if it chooses to offer the stop technology at an additional price, there is a risk that the jury would find Quik-Cut liable for not installing the innovation on all of its products. The president of Quik-Cut has a choice at present: embrace the technology and seek a competitive advantage for a period of time, or work with the rest of the industry to stonewall the invention, at least for a period of time. A third alternative—design around it—may or may not work. Design around It: The company would develop its own technology, but that would take time and perhaps expertise that the company doesn’t have. In addition, if a competitor introduced the technology prior to Quik-Cut bringing it to market, the company may face the same legal dilemma it faces today. Stonewall the invention. This would require that all the manufacturers—large and small—hew to the industry line. If Quik-Cut and its competitors chose not to introduce the invention, they could construct a case on technical merits illustrating why the technology was not yet ready to be implemented. The two dangers to this strategy are (1) there could be a later discovery procedure as a part of a product-liability lawsuit that could reveal the industry’s

Assignment 7 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Assignment 7 - Research Paper Example This paper will also seek to come up with expected outcomes, how to implement these outcomes, and how to assess the changes after initial implementation of the expected findings. Data Collection and Measurement The research will utilize a demographic survey and focus groups in order to collect required data. The use of a short survey was made in obtaining self-reported information with regards to the perception of nurses to interpersonal relationships with their patients (Anderson, 2006). During and following each session, field notes and PI observations were made to complement analysis of voice data that is digitally recorded. Observation will also be used to study the nurses in the focus groups in order to compare, as well as validate, the information discussed in the sessions, as well as to observe the interpersonal interactions between patients and staff. An observation guide will give consistent items that each of the nurses will be observed for. The observed behavior of patient s and nurses will be recorded. For the survey questions under investigation, a comprehensive measurement summary will be given by the qualitative descriptive method. The interviews will be transcribed verbatim. Common themes, metaphors, and concepts will then be identified through a transcript review for subsequent identification of thematic trends (Anderson, 2006). Statistical measures will be done inferentially through predictions about the nursing population in the hospital on satisfaction and attitudes, as well as in the analysis of the studied sample. The results after analysis of the sample will be taken and generalized for a larger population of the nurses in the hospital, which will be possible since the selected sample is representative of the nursing population in the two units under study. The levels of measurement used for this research study are ordinal scales since is wishes to measure the satisfaction of a particular group, in this group the nurses, with bedside repor ting. The scale items for the questionnaires and survey will from most to least satisfied. Expected Outcomes of the Research This study is expected to show common differences and concerns about bedside reporting, particularly with regards to interpersonal relationships. The geriatric unit, which consistently carries out bedside reporting, will have a higher level of interpersonal relationships than the telemetry unit that dos not consistently carry out bedside reporting. It is also expected that there will be inconsistency in, as well as lack of, information from one shift to the next. This affects the ability of the nurses to deliver quality care and discuss meaningfully with the family members and the doctors (Laws & Amato, 2010). Therefore, interpersonal relationships between nurses, patients, patient families, and doctors will have to be improved in order to improve perceptions about bedside reporting among nurses. Improvement will be made through informing nursing staff on chan ges required and the importance of these changes. The staff will also be trained through role-play, video, and power point slides. The message in the training will involve the importance of bedside reporting to safety and quality of healthcare (Laws & Amato, 2010). Finally, bedside reporting should be made using a checklist to ensure that its key elements are covered. It is anticipated that the

UnME Jeans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

UnME Jeans - Essay Example The brand manager of UnME Jeans is faced with complex media in which the traditional media such as television, radio and print advertising have become less effective over the time because of the declining number of audience, increase in the advertising clutter and turning out of the consumers. In this case Foley is set to explore the options provided by Web 2.0 social media and determine ways to better handle advertising and branding objectives. Therefore, the major challenge for Foley is to ignore all the hype made by Web 2.0, and analyze the social media for UnME Jeans by delving into the needs of the consumers and their behaviours underpinning the technologies of Web 2.0. Situation Analysis The case study describes a situation where Margaret Foley, the brand manager of UnME, carries out an investigation with respect to emerging media Web 2.0. The brand manager had been allocating a huge amount of budget in the traditional means of communication and only about $250 towards social media which were not sufficient in the new era of competitive environment to survive, attract and retain the loyal customers. It has been analysed that with a change in the consumer’s demands and mindset, consumers are spending much of their time by staying online rather than watching television. The percentage rate of television viewers has dropped drastically and it had become essential for UnME to implement the new form of media. The fir m did not spend much on online marketing and as a result, the brand manger was not satisfied with the response from the target consumers. In the era of new technologies and various media options, the target customers, the teenagers, prefer visiting online sites and staying online for most of the time. As per a survey, it has been seen that the social media are a highly acceptable form of media. The below figures compare the use of various forms of promotional tools. Figure 1: Media Trends (Source: McGee, 2011) The above figures compare the media trends from 2010 to 2011. It has been seen that the use of social media is predicted to increase by about 63.6% in 2011 year-on-year, as compared to the use of television. As per the Internet World Stats (2012), about 78.3% of the US population uses the Internet, and the amount of time spent rose to 20% and the youngsters tend to spend about 40 hours per week. Change has taken place in the Internet population in US and it was predicted that about 71% of the population would be online in 2010 and it would continue to grow and would reach about 250 milion people in 2014 (European Travel Commission, 2012). The following table shows the future prediction of Internet usage by the consumers in the present and future. Table 1: Internet users (ETC, 2012) With the growth of social media among the customers, the youth sector still dominates the social media market and UnME, which targets the teenagers, is lagging behind in positioning the brands effectively through the use of social media. Teens and young adults showed the greatest penetration. According to eMarketer, out of five Internet users four of them belong to the age group of 12 to 34 (eMarketer, 2011). The figure below shows the trend of social network users, which is estimated to rise each year. Figure 2: Social Network Users (Source: eMarketer, 2011) The

The history of the coastguard Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 12250 words

The history of the coastguard - Essay Example While there are hardly any who are not aware of the presence, aims and objectives of all of the army, the navy and the air force, only a handful of people have a similar awareness of the coastguard. Although some countries, such as the United States, Canada, and Japan, define the coast guard as a division of the national military, its importance is generally underestimated (LaGuardia-Kotite and Ridge, 2006). The popular understanding of the coast guard is that it acts as a vessel and life rescue service and, in some instances, to monitor fishing across the national coastlines and waters. This understanding barely touches upon the duties, responsibilities, aims, and objectives of both civilian and military coast guard services, nor does it even hint at the fact that the coast guard, in the first and last, is primarily responsible for coastal and port security. In other words, the responsibilities and functions of the coast guard directly tie in with national security (LaGuardia-Kotite and Ridge, 2006). This research paper, which shall highlight the multiple functions of the coast guard services and illustrate, through an historical overview, the increasing importance of this institution, shall, hopefully, illustrate that insofar as coastal countries are concerned, the coast guard plays an invaluable and vital role; a role which directly contributes to increased national security. This project focused on the development of Kuwait coastguard and identifies requirements in the near future to improve Kuwait Coastguard. This project was carried out at the University of Plymouth in United Kingdom by using the tutor assistances, Kuwait coastguard assistances and the simulator in the University of Plymouth. 1 Introduction While there are hardly any who are not aware of the presence, aims and objectives of all of the army, the navy and the air force, only a handful of people have a similar awareness of the coastguard. Although some countries, such as the United States, Canada and Japan, define the coast guard as a division of the national military, its importance is generally underestimated (LaGuardia-Kotite and Ridge, 2006). Popular understanding of the coast guard is that it acts as a vessel and life rescue service and, in some instances, to monitor fishing across the national coastlines and waters. This understanding barely touches upon the duties, responsibilities, aims and objectives of both civilian and military coast guard services, nor does it even hint at the fact that the coast guard, in the first and last, is primarily responsible for coastal and port security. In other words, the responsibilities and functions of the coast guard directly tie in with national security (LaGuardia-Kotite and R idge, 2006). This research paper, which shall highlight the multiple functions of the coast guard services and illustrate, through an historical overview, the increasing importance of this institution, shall, hopefully, illustrate that insofar as coastal countries are concerned, the coast guard plays an invaluable and vital role; a role which directly contributes to increased national security. This project focused on development of Kuwait coastguard and identifies requirements in the near future to improve Kuwait Coastguard. There are things need to be improved in Kuwait coastguard such as increasing number of patrol boats, where should these patrol boats operating and things require in the near future

Trends in Technology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Trends in Technology - Assignment Example Broadly, games are categorized into: games that are digital and uses the latest technology, those that are not digital and further division places digital games into two sub-groups (Johnson et al.,2014) Those that are digital but do not involve many players and those that are digital and at the same time involve many players who work together. Games in the learning environment has been found to yield positive outcomes as players do not only develop social skills through there their interaction but also enhance their competitive skills when they engage in Massive Multiplayer Online games which extensively challenge them when they play with their peers. Technology therefore is of great significance in this change that the education sector anticipates. The game-based learning is embedded on the conception that play is a major factor in all-round learning and with the development of technology; more sophisticated games are expected to be identified (Johnson, et al,

The physical and mental effect of mass media on Humans Research Paper

The physical and mental effect of mass media on Humans - Research Paper Example The skewed relationship is based on ultimately serving the purpose of the media and encouraging its consumption. 1. The Evolution of Mass Media and High Effectiveness Prior to the emergence of any form of mass media, human was the primary medium that was used to convey messages to a large number of people (Ott and Mack 2). This method of delivery had significant flaws. The first was their dependence on slow transportation and secondly the message passed through multiple channels or humans until it reached destination and by then it would be significantly distorted. Here lies the key difference between such methods of message delivery and mass media, mass media have the potential to reach a large number of people simultaneously in remote locations (Ott and Mack 2). So the key distinguishing feature is not just the mass audience which one may observe in a rock concert too, they key feature is remote location. Ott and Mack in their book Critical Media Studies describe mass media as havi ng the ability to overcome physical distance and space (2). Harris and Harris in their book A Cognitive Psychology of Mass Communications write that the revolution in mass media is not unprecedented. It started off with the emergence of photography and telegraphy in the 1840s, progressed to telephones in a few decades later followed by the emergence of cinema in 1896. This led to the progress in the field of motion pictures which drastically impacted the way humans communicated to one another. Radio emerged in the 1920s followed by television in 1950s, video technology in 1980s followed by the internet in 1990s (Harris and Harris). Following the decade of the emergence of the internet everything has completely altered in terms of communication, cultures and technology. The last decade has been phenomenal in technological development, bringing people and cultures together across the globe. According to Wells and Hakanen mass media are a product of technology (19). Historically it can be observed that technological developments in a society have had a direct impact on the media of that time. For instance, the mass media circulation of newspapers was made possible only because of the technological developments in the printing press (Wells and Hakanen 19). Presently we can observe the same trend for internet where messages can reach a number of people world-wide with the emergence of the internet. Ott and Mack in their book Critical Media Studies highlight the following key areas in technological advances and evolution of humans that have had a clear impact on media (9-10). 2. Effects of Mass Media on Humans Humans are greatly influenced by media, even more so than they realize. Today the way they behave, think and interact is greatly influenced by various forms of mass communications such as television, radio, print and the internet. Television in particular over the last 60 has had an impact on human live much greater than almost any other invention (Harris & Ha rris). Radio and print has over the years managed to retain their uniqueness. However internet is one such medium which can affect all its predecessors in terms on massage delivery and communication and will soon replace television as the invention with the greatest impact on human lives. Initially much effort was made in designing of the message with the assumption that all receivers would interpret the message in the same manner. Over a period

Learning In A New Academic Environment Case Study

Learning In A New Academic Environment - Case Study Example They often fail to recognize the challenges in communicating and making friends. Though language can be learned and cultures can be studied in advance, it is never the same when finally arriving on foreign soil. Customs that are important to youth and young adults are often not those that can be learned by reading a textbook or watching television. This is significant, as teens in the US have their own way of speaking and using language, which is very different from that of their parents. Often teens group even those in their social circles by specific categories. At first, I had no idea of the meaning behind many of the terms or categories. I attracted quite a bit of attention, though I did not know whether this was a good or bad think, until I began to learn how social groups worked in my age group. Even though most teens seemed to accept me, there were some that seemed unfriendly. Perhaps they were reacting to the ideas of foreign students that the learned at home. Maybe they were afraid they would not be able to communicate properly. It took me a while to realize that some racism does exist, though most teens and young adults are very accepting. Many are curious as well. Having never visited a foreign land, they find it interesting to meet a student who did not grow up in the US.... some sort of crime without knowing. I also had a fear that I would offend others, by saying something that I did not quite understand. This can happen quite easily when one does not understand the particular terms or meanings in teen phrases. I was fearful when I first began to make my own purchases. Even though I learned the meaning of various monies, I was always on the alert. There are those who will take advantage of others, if they think it is easy to do so. I found myself always counting money and adding my purchases several times before paying for them. At times, those behind me in line would become irritated, even making comments that were not so nice. American culture is different from that in Korea. Although academics and home life are much more structured in Korea, American life is lived at a much faster pace. This can explain the impatience of some. Learning in a new academic environment was the most daunting. Because my understanding and mastery of the English language was not yet complete, I found myself working harder. I had to stay focused on academic studies, while learning to speak appropriately at the same time. This is when I learned that speaking becomes more formal than in social groups. Teachers do not care for the manner and slang terms that teens use, though sometimes they try. School assignments require the use of proper grammar and English, which is often not used among teens in social settings. I am proud to say that I have learned to speak and write English fluently. My first Few months in the US were spent in observation. I watched how teens and young adults Interacted. I watched how teens interacted with adults. I watched

Ray Bradbury Comparative Paper Essay Example for Free

Ray Bradbury Comparative Paper Essay Ray Bradbury, well-known American author, playwright, and poet, created his success on no more than his high school diploma. He did, however, learn many valuable lessons in life which he incorporates in his works. Ray Bradbury uses figurative language such as irony, personification, and imagery to artistically present his vision of life’s morals. Bradbury’s use of irony in his pieces establishes how mankind commonly contradicts himself. In â€Å"The Veldt†, George and Lydia hear screams that â€Å"sound familiar† but ignore them. The couple also finds their wallet and scarf and disregards how these items were chewed and covered in blood when they found them. George and Lydia receive their last clue when they enter the nursery and see the lions in the background feasting on an unknown prey. â€Å"They’ve just been eating†¦ [but they] don’t know what. † Ray Bradbury turns these foreshadowing events into irony when the parents are killed by the lions. It is ironic that they have seen the lions devouring something, saw the wallet and scarf, and heard the screams but do not realize that they were the lion’s meal and it was their screams that they heard and the scarf and wallet were chewed by the lions and covered in their own blood. Bradbury also uses irony in the â€Å"Happiness Machine. † Leo Auffmann created a machine which he claimed brought happiness to the occupant. He convinced his wife to â€Å"try it on† but when she got out she shouted, â€Å"It lies, that Sadness Machine. † This is ironic because what Leo thought was a Happiness Machine is really a Sadness Machine. Leo then finds that true happiness cannot be created by a machine but is found in the heart of his family. In â€Å"There Will Come Soft Rains†, the house reads a poem to the emptiness where a family once was. The poem explains how nature â€Å"would not mind†¦if mankind perished utterly. † It is ironic because the poem is warning the family how the war will destroy them but nature will continue on when that is exactly what has happened. The family has been killed and the house soon after dies but the sun continues to rise and set as if nothing has happened. Personification is another common literary device in Bradbury’s work. It is most prominent in â€Å"There Will Come Soft Rains. † Bradbury describes the house with human like qualities in how it defends itself against the fire which is also personified. The house â€Å"quivered at each sound† and is described as the attic being the brain and the exposed oak beams as â€Å"its bare skeleton† and all of â€Å"its nerves revealed. † The fire was personified when it â€Å"fed upon Picassos and Matisses†¦ [and] lay in beds, stood in windows. † Bradbury also described the fire as being â€Å"clever† as it attacked â€Å"the attic brain† and â€Å"rushed back into every closet and felt of the clothes hung there. † Bradbury also uses personification in â€Å"The Foghorn. † He gives the foghorn human-like characteristics when relating it to the monster. The foghorn made a â€Å"great deep cry† that vibrated in the â€Å"throat of the tower† as the â€Å"light, switching its tail,† shone bright in the distance. Bradbury continues to use personification in â€Å"The Veldt. † The nursery that Wendy and Peter spend most of their time in is described with human-like qualities. The walls changed from blankness to the veldt with a â€Å"purr† and â€Å"reproduced to the final pebble and bit of straw. † It is further personified when the room itself kills the parents. Bradbury also frequently uses imagery in his work. In â€Å"The Pedestrian†, he described the highways as â€Å"only dry riverbeds† empty of vehicles. Bradbury also points out the â€Å"tomblike buildings† and â€Å"gray phantoms† along the sides of the road. These vivid descriptions allow the reader to feel the loneliness and absence of life in the city and its streets. The imagery in â€Å"The Pedestrian† sets the mood and describes the setting. â€Å"The Foghorn† portrays another source of imagery. Bradbury makes the reader visualize the â€Å"long grey lawn of the sea stretching away into nothing and nowhere† with his descriptive vocabulary. He describes how the â€Å"stone tower† emitted a light that flashed red and white out to the â€Å"lonely ships† â€Å"in the cold water far from land. † This makes the reader understand how secluded McDunn and Johnny were out at the lighthouse and intensifies the oddness of the appearance of the sea monster. Imagery is also present when McDunn explains to Johnny how the monster â€Å"hid away in the Deeps. † The way he describes the â€Å"Deeps† makes it all seem magical yet realistic. Bradbury continues to use imagery in â€Å"The Happiness Machine. † Towards the end of the short story, Leo discovers a real happiness machine. When he describes this â€Å"machine,† he makes the reader visualize a pleasant and warm home filled with joy. This example of imagery contrasts how Bradbury typically uses his words to display desolation and despair. Ray Bradbury expresses similar patterns in his work by using irony, personification, and imagery. He writes with these three types of figurative language in different ways in all of his pieces of work. Bradbury takes common techniques of writing and makes them his own by using them in a certain way to present his ideas in a unique style.

Composition About Film Essay Example for Free

Composition About Film Essay The film that I saw last week is about the dangerous art of extraction valuable secrets from deep within the subconscious during sleep, when the mind is most vulnerable. The main character of the film called Cobb. He is a talented thief, the best of the best in his work. At the beginning of the film we see Cobb’s dream in which he with his wife lived in their town that they create alone in unexpected for me and I was surprising when I saw how in our dream we can see people who not existent in the reality. Then the point is that Cobb’s command received the proposition to change some events in the life of one of the richest company in the world. They had to do that this company fell down and other man who managing other company could be the first and control others. If Cobb, and his command do this he promise Cobb to help him with law, because as we know he was a thief and all police search him and that’s why he can’t returned home to his children. For this work he must to find a new architecture, because without him it will be not possible. Architect a specialist defining illusory world for another dream. The purpose of the architect when extracting designed sleep so sleep could not distinguish it from reality and create a sleeping most complex maze of sleep, from which the victim could not easily escape. The complexity of this work was that this dream consisted of three levels, that is to say they must to reach the deepest within of the subconscious to change what they want. Now their task not to steal an idea, but to implement it. If they succeed, it will be the perfect crime. I realized they done this work in the best way. To my mind this film is very interesting and exciting, but it is necessary to understand . It is fantastical, but as for me it was interesting to see what we can do when we sleep.

People Should Aim For Moderation In All Things Philosophy Essay

People Should Aim For Moderation In All Things Philosophy Essay Leading a happy life is the common end of human being. To reach this goal, there are many steps to be walked and there many ideas to be came up with. One among several famous saying of Aristotle introduced that means. Aristotle asserted that people should aim for moderation in all things. What indeed does the assertat5ion mean? Before starting in-depth elaboration about this saying, we should have a glimpse into the brief background of Aristotle. Aristotle was born in Greece (384 BCE). He was the pupil of Plato who was the student of Socrates. Aristotle is a celebrated figure in ancient Greek philosophy. Aristotle made considerable contribution to logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology, botany, ethics, politics, agriculture, medicine, dance and theatre. Although he was the student of Plato, he was more empirical and rejected the Platos theory. Aristotle emphasizes on good reasoning and virtue. What is virtue? The distinct ability to control desire with the help of reason is call moral virtue. Virtue is attributed to the study of ethic. Ethics has several meanings. It is often used to refer to a set of standards of right and wrong established by a particular group and imposed on members of that group as a mean of regulating and setting limits on their behavior (Boss, 2004, p5). The main emphasis of Aristotles ethic study is his doctrine of the mean. The doctrine of mean is found in both Eastern and Western philosophies. According to this doctrine, virtues simply entail moderation or seeking the middle path (Boss, 2004, p393). The great idea of Aristotle is reasonable for many reasons. First it aims to guide people live in a virtuous manner. It is crucial to us to maintain and practice good behavior and avoid committing aggressive actions that consider vice. The ethic as mentioned in Aristotle ideology is the main tool for regulating individuals behavior progress. Virtuous deed brings people dignity. For example, if a statesman is a corrupted person, he will be sent to the justification if found guilty. If he is too docile or lack of the courage to maintain strong minded and practicable capability, he will be consider to be unhelpful to his citizen. Then come denounce or condemnation. If he chose the moderation way to lead his country, the country may walk toward the road of prosperity. The doctrine of mean in the context of leading the country, for example, mean the leader is a wise person who takes the responsibility to bring the country the glorification. Those actions include, not to think about the po licy of invasion of other states for the sake of territorial expansion, because that action sill triggers the war and causes the devastative destruction. On the other hand, the leader should not be too comfortable on the mountain of essence, luxurious living and joyful activities. By doing so, he will have no time to think about the development of the nation. The illnesses in the society will not be settled. The better way for him is to live in a moderate ling standard and allocate his time to finding the ways or technique to enhance technology, education, environmental and social progress. One obvious and worthwhile learning account is the Singapore priminister. Throughout the history of Singapore, the priministers were and are famous for cleanses government and economic achievement. The account means that there is no corruption in the country. People of Singapore are highly educated and virtuous. The intention to committing any bad action is totally cut off. Other interesting example is Switzerland. I once saw from the media that the Swedish actually dont know how to bribe. Although it sounds incredible to may other, it is the indisputable fact that was proves by the Number One ranking in the international transparency report as no-corruption nation in the world. The points mentioned above concerning that two nation are convincing enough to prove that moderation mean not only bring people their fame, but also push the country to development. The doctrine of mean enhance the inner strongness. Most virtues entail finding the mean between excess and deficiency. For example, concerning about the human natural emotion, if he fear nothing, he is too courage, if he fear everything, he is coward. Both pointed situations are vice. It is hard to take the moderate way to reach the best of the Aristotle theory. People, still have to make determine effort to develop the good mental well-being. If a man manages to do so, he will have the internal tranquility. The internal peace regulates the external activities not to harm others or to exploit the others. This builds up the harmonic world. Example, Denmark is ranked in the safest country in the world. People in Denmark do not rob, steal or fight each other. We can imagine how happy we are if we were deposited in such a peaceful country. Again, moral virtue of internal peace makes the world a better place to live. People value respecting each other. The doctrine of mean, at the same time, is beneficial to human physical health. Just take a simple example, eating too much food makes people be obese. Whereas eating too little food weaken people and bring disease. This is just the easy to understand philosophy of Aristotle, but is worth it penny to be taken into account. People should schedule their eating habit, exercising, entertaining and learning. . It is crucial to lead a healthy life. Finding the balance, in doing such daily living activities no time it destructs our progress. Taking one other example, sleeping to many hours makes people lazy, brains thinking process slow down and no energy. While sleep less makes people exhausted and unproductive in thinking. As a result they should follow the guideline of doctor. People in young age sleep around 10 hours. People in teen age sleep 8 hours. The amount of time to sleep be taken lesser for people when they grow older. That is the road of moderation. The doctrine of mean improves critical thinking. To find the best solutions or take effecrtive3 measure for a particular issue, people should think critically. For example, if eat 100 apples is too many and eat zero apple is the least. It doesnt mean you should eat 50 apples comply with the math mean. Rather, the mean based on the merit of the situation. What is more, regarding the drinking of alcoholic drink such as beer or wine, it is reasonable to drink somewhat larger amount in the cold weather area, but not in the not climate area. If not conform to the average guidance, the merit of the wine will torn to be the harmful tool. The consequence of this excessive and shortage needs careful thought of ours to avoid any unexpected outcome of the action. It is not only the fact in real life that support the assertatoin of Aristotle. Rather the Buddhist ethics, for example, denounces the extremes of excessive indulgence and self-mortification or self-denial. For Buddha, the path of liberation-the life of virtue and inner peace-entailing taking the middle path. The same, Confucian clamed: Equilibrium is the great foundation of the world, and harmony is its universal truth. The mean in Confucian ethics entails doing what is proper to ones station in life. One fact is too stingy to give out your help is unfavorable, but too generous to give to the poor place the undue burden on their children and on the society to support them in their old age. Leaving away from the middle mean arouse the social controversy and unsecure. There only the time of plague and fire. The reason is that people are all seeking for power and protect their own interest. Sometimes they are too defensive. Sometimes they are too offensive. Considering that fact that the process of choosing the secretary General of the United Nation is so critical. The candidate must be highly educated and be free of nationalism. By doing so, there wont be any political bias ever happen. Thus the corruption, mismanagement and inefficiency of the institute lessen. The body doesnt serve only the goal of the super power and be manipulated by the major power. To sum up, Aristotles assertation is a golden mean to a significant extent. It discloses the human actual teaching path to the peaceful and happy destination. We have to do the right thing in the right place at the right time by the right mean to for the favorable and good result.

Ecology :: essays research papers

In the original Greek "oikos" means, "house". So ecology is "the study of the house" the place where you live, or the environment which technically includes all those factors, both nonliving and living, that affect an organism. Ecology then is the study of the interactions of organisms in their environment includes both the living (biotic) and physical (abiotic) factors of the environment. It's also the science, which formulates and tests hypotheses about environment. Ecology is the relationships, identification and analysis of problems common to all areas. Ecology studies the population and the community, evaluates cause and effects of the responses of populations and communities to environmental change. POPULATIONS The population is defined as an assemblage of individuals of a single species that live in the same place at the same time. Also, biologists add an additional condition: the individuals in a population must interact with each other to the point of being able to interbreed. Population is important to understanding many important ecological and evolutionary phenomena. Ecologists can use information from population ecology to predict the success of a given species or assemblage of species. One attribute of populations that is observed in nature is their dispersion, or the way in which individuals are distributed in a given area. Typically, biologists refer to three types of dispersion: - Clustered (aggregated), Regular (evenly spaced), Random (irregularly spaced) Populations showing a clustered pattern are common in nature and are found among many different types of organisms. Clustered dispersion patterns are often due to environment heterogeneity. Regular dispersion patterns are relatively rare in nature and occur when a resource is scarce. A good example of regular spacing occurs in animals that exhibit territoriality, a phenomenon in which animals establish an area for themselves and fight off all other individual seeking to invade that area. Regular dispersion patterns can also be observed in plants. Random patterns can be found in a variety of organisms (trout in lake or maple trees in a forest). Regardless of which organisms, the number of births almost always has the potential to be greater than the number of deaths. In other words populations of all species have the capacity to grow. That property is crucial importance to the success of all species. However, all species will not increase under all circumstance, but instead they can, given appropriate conditions. There are two models of population growth: the exponential model and the logistic model. One of the most basic models of population biology is the exponential growth equation, which is: )N/)t = rmaxN This equation states that, in a growing population, the rate of change in population size is determined by the maximal intrinsic rate of increase (rmax) multiplied by the number of individuals in that population (N). Ecology :: essays research papers In the original Greek "oikos" means, "house". So ecology is "the study of the house" the place where you live, or the environment which technically includes all those factors, both nonliving and living, that affect an organism. Ecology then is the study of the interactions of organisms in their environment includes both the living (biotic) and physical (abiotic) factors of the environment. It's also the science, which formulates and tests hypotheses about environment. Ecology is the relationships, identification and analysis of problems common to all areas. Ecology studies the population and the community, evaluates cause and effects of the responses of populations and communities to environmental change. POPULATIONS The population is defined as an assemblage of individuals of a single species that live in the same place at the same time. Also, biologists add an additional condition: the individuals in a population must interact with each other to the point of being able to interbreed. Population is important to understanding many important ecological and evolutionary phenomena. Ecologists can use information from population ecology to predict the success of a given species or assemblage of species. One attribute of populations that is observed in nature is their dispersion, or the way in which individuals are distributed in a given area. Typically, biologists refer to three types of dispersion: - Clustered (aggregated), Regular (evenly spaced), Random (irregularly spaced) Populations showing a clustered pattern are common in nature and are found among many different types of organisms. Clustered dispersion patterns are often due to environment heterogeneity. Regular dispersion patterns are relatively rare in nature and occur when a resource is scarce. A good example of regular spacing occurs in animals that exhibit territoriality, a phenomenon in which animals establish an area for themselves and fight off all other individual seeking to invade that area. Regular dispersion patterns can also be observed in plants. Random patterns can be found in a variety of organisms (trout in lake or maple trees in a forest). Regardless of which organisms, the number of births almost always has the potential to be greater than the number of deaths. In other words populations of all species have the capacity to grow. That property is crucial importance to the success of all species. However, all species will not increase under all circumstance, but instead they can, given appropriate conditions. There are two models of population growth: the exponential model and the logistic model. One of the most basic models of population biology is the exponential growth equation, which is: )N/)t = rmaxN This equation states that, in a growing population, the rate of change in population size is determined by the maximal intrinsic rate of increase (rmax) multiplied by the number of individuals in that population (N).

Underlying Corruption :: Underlying Corruption Short Story Essays

Underlying Corruption Long shadows meandered through the darkened house, lightning strobing their actions on the walls. Jeremy stood in the dark kitchen, holding a small emergency candle and a box of matches. Barefoot in jeans, and an unbuttoned flannel, his relaxed look belied his state of mind. The sights and sounds of the night made him pause. Holding stalk still, he listened intently, hoping for the sounds to be the dog or maybe some farm animals. The noises that greeted him were nothing of the sort. The wind and rain made the trees creek and the windows rattle. Moving through the old house, Jeremy tripped over assorted furniture, trying to navigate in the random illumination. The electricity had gone out a couple of minutes before, leaving only the lightning to help Jeremy find the kitchen. Outside, the wind was hammering at the windows. Soft grass crumpled under foreign, unliving feet. Around the house, the creators of those shadows moved slowly past the windows. Jeremy finally got the candle lit and headed toward the silverware drawer. The wandering flame of the candle painted more eerie shadows on the kitchen walls. Grabbing a hand full of knives, he selected the largest, and armed himself. Slow feet trudged along the cracked sidewalk, outside. A torn pantleg dragged behind, snagging the bushes. The smell of wet concrete mixed with noxious odors. Another strange shadow passed the kitchen window. Jeremy caught only the tail end of it in a random flash of lightning. Tightening his grip on the knife, he stood listening. The sounds that came were not encouraging. As the pale, torn hand snatched at the screen door handle, a ragged foot slapped flatly on the first step, outside. Pieces of insect-eaten flesh hung lifelessly. A bony finger slowly groped for the screen door button. The dull white bone scratched along the black metal. Inside, the sound echoed in the heavy silence. Jeremy froze, then turned toward the door. A low groan rose up in his throat as terror wrapped its icy fingers around his heart. Another strobe of lightning silhouetted a dark figure in the doorway. Jeremy stared at the door for a second, then ran to the master bedroom, down the hall. Knife in hand, he rounded the corner and into the room. Throwing open the closet door, he dove in. Nervously, yet trying to be extremely quiet, he rifled through the closet.

Alabama :: essays research papers

It must have been around eleven o'clock in the morning when I awoke from a stuffy and uncomfortable sleep, in the back of a moving mini-van. My mouth was dry, my nose was sore, and my eyes itched from sleep crust. A huge yawn escaped from my mouth as I tried to stretch my aching limbs. As I was stretching out, I accidentally kicked my little brother Sam in the head. So much for peaceful sleep, he woke up in a foul mood. He must have thought that I kicked him on purpose because he punched me as hard as he could in my leg.I got really mad at him I yelled " Why did you do that, I kicked you by accident?" I punched him in his chest. Now he was really mad, his screaming and his curses were pretty incoherent. He said something like " Punk why did you hit me?" I said " You hit me first, call me another punk and I'll hit you again!" We probably sounded like two babbling drunks because we were half sleep and using slurred speech. I was about to belt him one more for getting in my face but that was before he yelled "Auntie, Ron hit me!" I said in a whinny little voice " He started it auntie, I didn't do nothing!" "Knock it off you two, can't you see that I am trying to drive?" "Keep quiet before you wake up your grandmother and your sisters", said Aunt Florence as she gripped the wheel with one hand and turned to give us that cold " do n't mess with me today stare". That kept us quiet, we did not utter another word after that.As for not waking everybody else up, it was too late for that. Brenda, who is the youngest, awoke first. She was being pretty quiet but the silence would not last. She wanted to stop and use the bathroom but instead of waiting for auntie to find a rest stop she thought it would be better to nag everyone's ears off. Her nagging and whining woke Remy up; she is the oldest girl. The first thing that came out of her mouth was " I'm hungry let's stop at McDonalds" She was not too happy when Aunt Florence told her to look for a ham sandwich in the cooler because we weren't stopping until we got to

Environmental Legislation And Policy Of The Eu Engineering Essay

In the 19th century, steam engine, gasoline engine and technological machinery in industry were the chief subscribers for a noisy environment. With the development of Diesel engine, jet engines, addition in usage of faster industrial production machinery including building site machinery and increased volume of route traffic, all aggravated and intensified noise pollution in the 20th century.[ 1 ] Action to cut down environmental noise was non given any precedence when compared to other environmental jobs such as air and H2O pollution. It was argued in the Commission Green Paper that this deficiency of involvement in noise pollution was due to the fact that ‘noise is really much a local job with really varied perceptual experiences in different parts of the community as to the acceptableness of the job ‘ .[ 2 ] However although there was this deficiency of legal involvement in noise pollution, people non merely regarded noise as a constituent that deteriorates the environment but recognised besides that it is ‘unjustifiable intervention and infliction upon human comfort, wellness and the quality of modern life ‘[ 3 ]. Therefore the authoritiess, back in 1969 started modulating noise in assorted legislative acts. The European Commission in the ‘Future Noise Policy ‘ ( Green Paper ) pointed out that All member provinces have similar categorizations of the beginnings of environmental noise related to the different human activities: route traffic, rail traffic, air traffic, industry, civil technology and edifice site activities, recreational activities, out-of-door equipment ( such as gardening equipment ) .2EC Legislation on Noise: the development of noise ordinance in the EU before the acceptance of the Directive 2002/49/ECOver the past 30 old ages, the EU ‘s environmental policy aims have been presented in Action Programme. The 2nd European Action Programme ( EAP ) 1978 developed the issue of noise suspension. It contained a whole chapter on steps against noise where it sets out risky effects that noise may hold on the human wellness. This EAP pointed out that member provinces have drawn up a figure of ordinances modulating noise emanations. Therefore in order to work out the job of haltering the common market, the community decided to follow an anti-noise policy.[ 4 ] Januaries hold that Community statute law on noise can loosely be divided into two classs. In the first topographic point there are a big figure of directives harmonizing national ordinances on anything from motor mowers to goods vehicles and ordering maximal allowable noise degrees. [ aˆÂ ¦ ] In the 2nd topographic point there is a certain sum of legislative activity in connexion with noise produced by aircrafts.[ 5 ] On the other manus, Miriam Markus-Johansson et Al in Handbook on the Implementation of EC Environmental Legislation, argued that the bing ‘noise control statute law can be divided into four classs: motor vehicles, airplanes, out-of-door equipment, and family contraptions ‘[ 6 ]. However the writers lack to do mention to statute law on railroad and besides industrial noise. Therefore I would state that there are five classs: route conveyance to include railroad besides motor vehicles and the 5th class would be industrial noise.Road TransportMotor vehicles Under EU statute law, motor vehicles are divided in two classs: motor vehicles with at least four wheels and motor vehicles with two- or three-wheel. Noise from motor vehicles with at least four wheels Bing the chief subscriber to environmental noise particularly in urban countries, the European Union sought to harmonize noise demands for route vehicles back in 1970, through Directive 70/157/EC. Add to this the directive introduced bounds on sound degrees of route vehicles and specific processs for mensurating sound degrees of exhaust systems and silencers.[ 7 ] Noise from two and three wheel motor vehicles Mopeds and bikes are another major route traffic noise subscribers chiefly due to reckless driving behavior and / or meddling of the fumes system. Directing 97/24/EC establishes allowable sound bounds from two and three wheel vehicles and demands for exhaust systems, including replacing parts, and provides steps to counter tampering.10 Directing 2001/43/EC regulates noise bounds generated by motor vehicles and dawdlers Surs where the Surs meet the route. ‘These bounds differentiate between vehicle type ( autos, new waves and trucks ) and tyre breadth ( 5 categories ) and will be enforced by including tyre noise trials in EC type-approval certification demands, which must be met for any Sur to be placed on the EU market ‘ .[ 8 ] Railwaies A figure of enterprises where undertaken by the European Commission to restrict railroad noise. It even set up a ‘Railway ‘ working group in order to lucubrate the proficient and economic facets of the decrease of noise emanations from rail conveyance systems.[ 9 ] Directing 96/48/EC on the interoperability of the trans-European high-speed rail system, which has been detailed further through: Commission Decision 2002/735/EC on proficient specifications for interoperability ( TSI ) associating to high-speed turn overing stock Commission Decision 2002/732/EC on proficient specifications for interoperability ( TSI ) associating to high-velocity railroad substructure Directing 2001/16/EC on the interoperability of the conventional trans-European rail system, supplemented by: Commission Decision 2004/446/EC stipulating the basic parametric quantities of the Noise, Freight Wagons and Telematic applications for freight proficient specifications for interoperability referred to in Directive 2001/16/EC Directing 2004/50/EC of 29 April 2004 amending Council Directive 96/48/EC and Directive 2001/16/EC Commission Decision 2006/66/EC refering the proficient specifications for interoperability relating to the subsystem turn overing stock – noiseAir TransportAircraft noise was foremost regulated by the European Commission in 1979 through Directive 80/51/EEC which was followed by Directive 89/629/EEC. The former trades with restrictions of noise emanations from subsonic aircraft registered in the district of member provinces ( which was later extended by Directive 83/206/EEC to include aircrafts from non-EU member provinces but winging to EU finishs ) , while the latter directive prohibited noisy aircraft from being registered in member provinces. Following these two directives was Directive 92/14/EEC which was based on criterions of the International Civil Aviation Organisation ( ICAO ) , to censor the noisiest aircraft from European airdromes, that is, aircrafts covered by Chapter 2 of Annex 16 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation besides known as the Chicago Conv ention, which aircrafts were non allowed to run in the EU after April 2002. Another directive based on one of ICAO ‘s declarations is Directing 2002/30/EC where it applies the rule of balanced attack to resound direction around airdromes. This attack comprises four chief elements: decrease of aircraft noise at beginning, land-use planning and direction steps, noise suspensions operational processs and runing limitations.[ 10 ]Outdoor EquipmentThe EU Commission drew up at least seven directives covering noise from assorted out-of-door equipment, whereby it regulated allowable noise degrees, noise degree taging affixed on the equipment, and noise measurings criterion of about 57 points ( i.e. 63 types of machinery ) . To simplify affairs the European Parliament and Council adopted Directive 2000/14/EC associating to resound emanation in the environment from equipment for usage out-of-doorss. The chief characteristics of this directive are ‘harmonisation of noise emanation bounds and criterions, harmonization of conformance appraisal processs, harmo nization of noise degree marker and digest of informations on noise emanations ‘ .[ 11 ]Industrial NoiseIndustrial noise is covered by the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control ( IPPC ) Directive 96/61/EC whereby member provinces ‘ governments must take the issue of noise into consideration when publishing licenses to operators of the big industrial and agricultural installings. This directive is applicable besides to bing installings that are to undergo a significant change.15Family Appliances NoiseAlthough the directing relating with this type of noise is rather recent and has been regulated for after Directive 2002/49 EC came into force, I think it is of import to do a speedy mention to this directive. ‘Directive 2005/32/EC established a model for the scene of eco-design demands for energy-using merchandises, provides criterions and processs regulating the proviso of accurate information on the noise degree of family application ‘ .[ 12 ]The Salient Features of Directive 2002/49/ECThe range of this directive is to modulate environmental noise to which worlds are exposed in built-up countries, in public Parkss or other quiet countries†¦[ 13 ] However, this directive does non use to resound that is caused by the open individuals himself, noise from domestic activities, noise created by neighbors, noise at work topographic points or noise indoors means of conveyance or due to military activities in military countries.[ 14 ] Article 3 ( a ) of the Environmental Noise Directive ( END ) define environmental noise as unwanted[ 15 ]or harmful out-of-door sound created by human activities, including noise emitted by agencies of conveyance, route traffic, rail traffic, air traffic and from sites of industrial activity.[ 16 ] The purpose of this directive is to specify a common attack intended to avoid, prevent or cut down on a prioritised footing the harmful effects[ 17 ], including irritation, due to exposure to environmental noise. Further aims of the said directing include that information on environmental noise and its consequence is made available to the populace, there is to be noise function and besides the acceptance of action programs by the Member States. This leads me to the outstanding characteristic of END.Noise functionDirecting 2002/49/EC set up the construct of strategic noise function whereby appraisal is made in an country which is exposed to resound due to different noise beginnings. This is extremely regulated under Annex IV of the said Directive. By 18 July 2005 member provinces were to do available to the public information sing which is the competent authorization to pull the noise maps. Furthermore, from 30 June 2005 and thenceforth every five old ages, member provinces are to inform the Commission of the major roads which have more than six million vehicle riders a twelvemonth, railroads which have more than 60,000 train rider a twelvemonth, major airdromes and the agglomerations with more than 250,000 dwellers within their district. By 30 June 2007, strategic noise maps demoing the state of affairs of the predating twelvemonth were to be drawn up – the first phase. Then we have the 2nd phase, 30 June 2008, where once more member provinces were to inform the Commission of agglomeration with more than 100,000 dwellers, major roads with three million vehicles, major railroads with 30,000 rider and airdromes remained unchanged. Then by 30 June 2012 another set of strategic noise maps are to be drawn up demoing the sta te of affairs in the old calendar old ages. Noise maps must be reviewed, and revised if necessary, every five old ages.[ 18 ]Action programsAction programs are aimed at pull offing noise issues and effects, including noise decrease if necessary. They must run into the minimal demands set out in Annex V to the Directive. Not subsequently than 18 July 2008, action programs must be drawn up for major roads which have more than six million vehicle transitions a twelvemonth, railroads which have more than 60,000 train transitions per twelvemonth, major airdromes and agglomerations with more than 250,000 dwellers. Add to this, non subsequently than 18 July 2013, another set of action programs must be drawn up for all major agglomerations, major airdromes, major roads and major railroads. The action programs are to be reviewed when a major development occurs impacting the bing noise state of affairs, and at least every five old ages. Through the action program, the competent authorization is to pull off noise issues in mapped countries and besides protect quiet countries against an addition in noise.[ 19 ]Information for the citizenMember provinces are to guarantee that a public audience is organised and the consequences thereof are taken into history before the action programs are approved. Member provinc es are to guarantee that the strategic noise maps and the action programs are made available and disseminated to the populace in conformance with Annex IV and V to Directive 2002/49/EC, thereby affecting the citizens.DecisionWhat is the chief differentiation between the directives prior to Directive 2002/49/EC and Directive 2002/49/EC itself? For more than 30 old ages, European noise policy consisted chiefly of repairing maximal sound degrees through statute law with a position to finish the individual market. As such this has non been conceived as portion of an overall environmental noise abatement plan. As already pointed out, the directives dealt with motor vehicles, aircraft, trains and railroad, industrial machinery and family contraptions. On the other manus, Directing 2002/49/EC does non put maximal degrees of noise but aims to supply a common footing for undertaking noise jobs across the EU, therefore switching from pollution control to pollution bar[ 20 ]i.e. it seeks to harmonize noise indexs and portray the information in the signifier of noise maps and do such information available to the populace. The member states competent governments ( in Malta being the MEPA ) are to pull up strategic noise maps for major roads, railroads and airdromes and agglomerations utilizing consonant noise indexs.[ 21 ]Therefore th is directive ‘does non seek to put common Europe-wide noise bounds ‘ but ‘it will organize the footing for end puting for betterment at the EU degree and for the development of an EU scheme including steps ‘ .[ 22 ] I believe that the End came approximately because during the past 15 old ages or more there was no important betterment in exposure to environment noise particularly route traffic noise. The enlargement of high velocity rail and growing in air conveyance besides played their portion to farther addition environmental noise.[ 23 ]‘The Numberss of people populating in so called ‘grey countries ‘ has increased. It has been estimated that around 20 per centum of the Union ‘s population or shut to 80 million people suffer from noise degrees that scientists and wellness experts consider to be unacceptable. Additionally over the past two decennaries leisure activities and touristry have created new musca volitanss and new beginnings of noise ‘ .[ 24 ] Thankss to statute law and technological advancement important decreases of noise from single beginnings have been achieved. For illustration the noise from single autos has been reduced by 85 % since 1970 and the noise from lorries by 90 % . Likewise for aircraft footmark around an airdrome made by a modern jet has been reduced by a factor of 9 compared to an aircraft with 1970s engineering. Another cardinal differentiation is that of shared duty between the Community and Member States. The green paper back in 1996 held that The local nature of noise jobs does non intend that all action is best taken at local degree, as beginnings of noise are non ever of local beginning.[ 25 ]

Little Big Man

Directed by Arthur Penn, Little Big Man is a 1970 movie based on a 1964 novel by Thomas Berger. It stars Dustin Hoffman and Chief Dan George. The story begins as old Jack Crabb tries to recall the events of his long life for a biographer William Hickey. He had been a frontiersman, Indian scout, gunfighter, buffalo hunter, adopted Cheyenne homesteader, and witness and survivor of the Battle of the Little Bighorn. However, among his varied life events, the fact that he was adopted by the Cheyenne gives him an unique perspective on both the white and Native American cultures of the 19th century. The movie unravels the white man’s attempted genocide of the Indian and provides an indirect commentary upon genocide then occurring in Vietnam. However, the movie is most noted for its celebrated toppling of the legend and heroic aura surrounding General George Armstrong Custer and his defeat at the Little Big Horn (Geyring, 1988).Little Big Man (1970) breaks many myths surrounding the w orld of the American West. It raises questions on many of the notions of the West that have come to dominate the popular consciousness. The new elements of Little Big Man that are in opposition to popular myths in western cinema include a decreased use of violence, increased use of non-traditional sexuality, critical views of historical masculine figures, more concern for the feelings of a woman, nontraditional sexuality and more focus on favoring â€Å"realism† over â€Å"romanticism†.Young Jack and his older sister Caroline were orphaned during a massacre of his wagon train. Jack is later raised by the Cheyenne leader Old Lodge Skins and taught the Cheyenne language whereas Caroline runs off.   Jack is given the name â€Å"Little Big Man† when, despite his short statures, he bravely volunteers to fight against the United States Army. After many adventures, he reunites with Caroline for a brief time. Jack finally settled down with a Swedish woman named Olga a nd even opens a general store. However, when his partner   deceives him and puts him in heavy debt, he is forced to close the store. George Armstrong Custer suggests they make a new beginning in the west.   But their stagecoach is attacked on the way and Olga is abducted by the Cheyenne. Jack later on, tragically finds Olga married to Younger Bear. He later marries Sunshine. Custer kills many of the Cheyenne leaders. Unable to take revenge on Custer directly, he leads them to their doom at the Little Bighorn in a smartly planned manner.Westerns Films   are the major defining genre of the American film industry. They usually represent the days of the expansive, untamed American frontier in the 19th century. The western film genre typically portray the conquest of the wilderness and the subordination of nature, in the name of civilization.   Usually, the film is based on forts, desert regions, isolated homestead, jail, small town main street etc. Other iconic elements in weste rns include the hanging tree, stetsons and spurs, lassos and Colt .45's, stagecoaches, gamblers, long-horned cattle and cattle drives, prostitutes with a heart of gold, and more (Dirks, 2007).The western film genre has been associated with America’s historical past.   Usually, the central plot of the western film is simple and based on conflicts between good and evil, white hat and black hat, settlers vs. Indians, humanity vs. nature, and so on (Dirks, 2007). Often the hero of a western meets his equal and opposite self in the form of the villain. Thus typical elements in westerns include enemies (often Native Americans), guns and gun fights, violence and human massacres, horses, trains and train robberies, bank robberies and holdups, runaway stagecoachs, shoot-outs and showdowns, outlaws and sheriffs, cattle drives and cattle rustling and distinctive western clothing (denim, jeans, boots, etc.) (Dirks, 2007).Little Big Man focuses on the settlement of the American West dur ing the middle- and late-nineteenth century. Crabb's is obsessively in search of his own origins. In relating his past, Crabb introduces several sets of parents over the course of the novel, including his birth parents, the Indians, and the Pendrakes. He does not sense any connection in the true sense to these people: â€Å"my Ma was well-meaning but ignorant. My Pa was crazy and my brother was a traitor. Then there was Caroline.They weren't much of a family, I guess, but then I was not with them long†. One also finds that Crabb could not have a family of his own despite two official marriages. He participates in almost every major event in the West at that time, beginning in 1852 and concluding in 1876 with the Battle of Little Bighorn.   Following Crabb in his search for roots the movie traces the complex issues of Western settlement, especially those raised by the collision of cultures and peoples.This breaks the myth of Western movies that the Native Indians are all sav ages and the white people are all decent settlers. Crabb is a White Man and he always remembers it. But he was brought up by the Cheyenne Indians from the age of ten.   When Crabb lives with the Indians, he cannot forget that he is white and while in the company of the whites, he seems more connected with the Indians; he confesses these conflicting attitudes when he runs away from the Pendrakes, his adopted parents in Missouri (Sinowitz, 1999).Crabb is derogatory in his speech and attitude towards both the Native Indians and the whites. When he is captured, he makes remarks such as â€Å"Indians of course invented the habit of smoking, and almost nothing else† and refers to the Indians as â€Å"barbarians.† As he proceeds to compliment them, he says â€Å"you couldn't get away from the fact that they wasn't white†. However, when he is among the whites later in the novel, Crabb realizes that he finds civilization meaningless. These ambivalent notions about the Indian world and civilization are very different from earlier Western type movies where the native Indians were the only villains.In most traditional Western movies, the settlement primarily involved bringing civilization to the West. In Little Big Man, Crabb even points out that the Indians are very mannerly.   He also indicates the barbarity of the whites. Instead of simply reversing the traditional roles of the Indians and whites, the movie shows us that in reality both groups are comprised of civil and savage men and values.In doing so, Penn revises traditional views of Western settlement and the tendency of observers neatly to categorize the roles various groups play in a historical process. The movie does not place any community as superior compared to another. But each culture along with its criticism is brought on an equal plane. The Little Big Man provides an increasingly positive representation of Native Americans who had been treated as â€Å"savages† in earlier films. Contrary to general American Western genre movies, this movie portrays the American Indians in a sympathetic light whereas the soldiers are portrayed as lunatics or violent barbarians (Sinowitz, 1999).Often considered the most American of film genres, the Western has long shaped the way the history of the West has been recorded in American culture.   When Western Movies brought in historical characters, the role they played was minimal. In this movie, we find that historical characters such as Custer and Wild Bill Hickok are treated with more detail. Crabb develops an obsessive hatred and then a strange admiration for Custer, and something of a friendship with Hickok.The film seems to make them more human and realistic with all their flaws and natural talents.   When Crabb meets Hickok, he is performing one of his famous stunts; however, Crabb downplays Hickok's shooting display and later does not really believe the legendary feats of Hickok. The movie reveals that the im ages of Hickok are most those projected by writers and press people. In effect, Crabb uses realistic portrayals of these historical figures to deflate the myths surrounding them (Sinowitz, 1999).In the movie Little Big Man, Penn parodies scenes and incidents from other Western movies (Sinowitz, 1999). There is a near reproduction of the climactic chase at the end of Stagecoach (1939), where John Wayne's Ringo Kid helps fend off an Indian attack on the coach . In Little Big Man, Penn converts this scene into a comic disaster instead of making it into a moment of heroic grandeur (Sinowitz, 1999). While in the movie â€Å"the Ringo Kid† and his companions shoot at Indians with a great deal of accuracy from the fleeing stagecoach, Crabb notes the need to use a shotgun, instead of a rifle from a moving stagecoach.Crabb also informs the reader that the apparent tough man traveling among the passengers on the coach dies of a heart attack before the Indians get close. Western movies such as Ford's The Searchers (1956) show Indians attacking a farm house in the   middle of the night and capturing Edwards's two nieces. In this movie, Crabb stresses that Indians never attack at night. Morever, Western movies generally involve the concepts of taking revenge. In Little Big Man, Crabb finally tracks down his own non-Indian wife and child and finds them   living with his greatest enemy among the Indians. But, knowing that they are content with Younger Bear, Crabb decides to leave them alone.The western films generally have a simplistic moral code.   For example, a white hat represents the good guy, a black hat represents the bad guy; two people facing each other on a deserted street leads to the expectation of a showdown; cattlemen are loners, townsfolk are family and community minded, etc. All western films can be read as a series of codes and the variations on those codes. Kevin Costner's Dances with Wolves actually resurrects all the original codes and conven tions but â€Å"reverses the polarities†: the Native Americans are good, the U.S.Cavalry is bad. Clint Eastwood's Unforgiven uses every one of the original conventions, only reverses the outcomes instead of dying bravely or stoically, characters whine, cry, and beg; instead of a good guy saving the day, irredeemable characters execute revenge; etc. Here, in Little Good Man, the original codes and conventions are rewritten. Every person is treated as an individual with his own flaws in personality. Traditional Western movies had cowboy like heroes who were ruthless in their killings. ‘Unforgiven’ however, shows that even the gunslingers of the western had their own feelings and had to deal with a conscience after killing. In Little Big Man, Crabb gives up his gunslinger role the moment he sees Hickok kill another person in self-defense. Thus, there is more of a humanizing treatment to the western protagonists in Unforgiven and Little Big Man.As for the Native Amer ican characters, Little Big Man is more similar to â€Å"Dances with Wolves†. In the movie Dances with Wolves, the main protagonist Dunbar realizes that contrary to his belief that native Indians are barbaric people, they are a remarkable people, who are at one with the land and the earth.   He'd earlier been told that Native Indians were thieves, savages, and barbarians. But after knowing about them, he finds them both noble and intelligent.Dunbar becomes a friend and eventual member of the Tribe. He has found his place in life, and he is content and at peace. Here again we find that the Little Big Man does not place a similar halo around the native Indians. Rather, the movie etches out great characters among them who also have their flaws. Little Big Man differs from Dances with Wolves in the fact that it does not totally glorify the native Indians though it does focus them in a positive light.The reason why Little Big Man provides a neutral perspective towards the native Indians as well as towards the main protagonist Crabb is best explained by the words of authors Michael Ryan and Douglas Kellner in their book â€Å"Camera Politica: the politics and ideology of contemporary Hollywood film†: â€Å"Fundamental social attitudes like patriotism, optimism, trust in government and business, sense of social security and so on were either deliberately overturned by such things as counterculture or undermined by events like Watergate.As a result the generic division which maintained boundaries around proper public dress and behavior or between public morality and immorality were crossed. Idealized cultural representations of public authority could no longer hold in a society in which young people scorned public figures and repudiated authority†. Thus, according to the authors, the neutral perspective is mainly due to the fact that during the period after 1967, America was in turmoil due to the Vietnam War and the Watergate scandal. Demarcatio ns between right and wrong were diffused and hence the movie of that period – Little Big Man (1970) – reflects that.Thus the movie â€Å"Little Big Man† marks a changing point in American Western Movies in many ways. This was due to changing times in history during the late sixties and changing perceptions. However, the movie was the first to start the revisionist Western trend in Hollywood, where age old western myths were shattered and new elements were added to this genre.Bibliography:Ryan, Michael. Camera Politica: The Politics and Ideology of Contemporary Hollywood Film.Dirks, Tim (2007). Westerns Films. http://www.filmsite.org/westernfilms2.htmlGehring, Wes D. (1988). Handbook of American Film Genres. Greenwood Press, 1988Meldrum, Howard Barbara (1985). Under the sun: Myth and realism in Western American Literature. Whitston Pub. Co., 1985Sinowitz, Leigh Michael (1999). The Western as Postmodern Satiric History: The Little Big Man. CLIO. Volume: 28. Issue: 2.

Problems of Population

Pollution is today, probably, the greatest problem that faces mankind. There is a saying in English that it is an ill bird that fouls its own nest. And human beings are, collectively speaking, fouling their nest at the increasing rate. It is an alarming picture. We are polluting the air, which we need to breathe, the earth from which we derive all our food, and the waters from which wÐ µ, of course, derive the water we need to live, to drink, and for other purposes.So all the elements that surround us — there are three elements: earth, air and water — are being increasingly polluted by the activities of man, by industrial activities, for the most part. And pollution, of course, knows no frontiers. One country that pollutes will export its pollution to others. The radioactivity, for example, that was generated by the catastrophe at Chernobyl four years ago, four or five years ago, was carried in clouds across Europe, and some of these radioactive clouds, something which have been polluted in this way, actually produced rains which fell on parts of England and Wales.And we had a problem with the cattle which, of course, are fed on the grass, which had been rained on, by this polluted water, so we had problems in a small way, even in England as a result of the Chernobyl disaster. But Chernobyl is only one instant among many. It's a dramatic and alarming symptom of what is going on in all societies, all advanced industrial societies, not just in one. It's common to all, it's a common problem for all of us and in fact, in a sense, it takes us beyond all our ideologies. We must, in fact, look at this in a totally neutral, totally objective way, not for the blaming of one, one economic system or another.It's something which is, as I say, frowning both ends. It's really a function of advanced economic systems, of advanced, technologically advanced countries. It's basically the result of the industrialization which began in England, of course, in the 18th century and in above all, it's a result of the increasing use of and dependence upon fossil fuels: primarily, of course, coal and oil for both industry and transport. Modern industry, modern civilizations are run almost entirely on oil, mainly upon oil, to a less extent also, of course, on coke coal.But oil, it is which quite literally†¦ oil's the wheels of industry throughout the world. And the desire for oil, the need for oil, the craving for oil, the guzzling of oil is one of the great phenomena of the 20th century. We know, of course, that oil is decreasing, the stocks of it are decreasing inevitably and that someday, since they are finite, they will run out altogether, but that day hasn't, of course, arrived yet and new reserves are found from time to time, to enable us to go on in the same old ways.But the problems are increasing. Some day we shall have to find means of transportation by means of inventing some new kind of transport which isn't dependent on oil, perhaps, upon electri ­city or something, like that, because electricity itself is oil-dependent to some extent. We shall have to become less and less oil dependent, whereas, in fact, in the last hundred years or so, we've become more and more oil-dependent.First, dependence on oil is something, this rapidly dwindling resource is one of our major problems, and we hope all of us, I think, that the scientists will be able to find alternative sources of energy, solar energy, water, water power from the seas, so to say, and it is derived from sea power and the building of dams. This will take the place, we hope, on the oil-fired and coal-fired power stations which we depend on so much today and, of course, nearly all our transport is fuelled by oil or by its derivative — petrol. We shall have to do something about that.There'll be required a technological revolution. We hope we'll acquire one, at any rate, which will bring about a new way of life which is less pollutant, less polluting , less dangerous to our environment. Let us look a little bit at the picture today. We are all aware of this; in order to satisfy our almost boundless need for oil today we send huge tankers to trans ­port it from one country, where it is to be found, where it is drawn up from the ground, to many countries, of course, that have no oil of their own at all, they have to import it.And then, of course, the issued tankers sometimes sink and sometimes have collisions, and vast spillages occur, causing oil slicks which are sometimes miles and miles long. As a result of these oil slicks, which gradually come towards the coast, we have a poisoning of fish life and sea birds, and this makes the beaches unfit for either the local residents or for holiday-makers to use. And it's a dirty sight, a tragic sight.The sea birds, for example, are covered in thick black oil, and they have no chance of survival unless people can get to them early and clean their bodies, clean their wings of this oil. So the great cost to natural life – we've been endangering the other creatures of Earth in our greed for more and more oil. And the cost, the economic cost of cleaning up these oil slicks is enormous and, of course, fines that are imposed upon owners of tankers from which oil is spilt, but the fines themselves are derisory, they are not nearly heavy enough.Many tanker captains deliberately flush out the holes of their vessels in foreign ports leaving the foul mess for other people to clean up, and the fines they pay, if they are caught, which is not always the case, are literally peanuts. And then there are carbon emissions from our factories and from the traffic. The emissions from the exhausts of cars and other vehicles on the roads are largely responsible for the atmospheric pollution from which we are suffering these days.These emissions cause acid rain which, when it falls upon the ground, is harmful to plant life, and to some extent, to animal life too. We are told by t hose who are supposed to know about these things that the atmospheric temperature throughout the world, the average temperature is rising very slightly, and the result of this is so-called global warming, which is only by 1 or 2 degrees, perhaps not even as much as 2 degrees will be the so-called greenhouse effect.This can be described in the following way: the ice at the Pole caps, the North Pole and the South Pole, will begin to melt as a result of this global warming and causing the level of the oceans to rise, and this, in turn, will flood low-lying coastal areas in various parts of the world, thereby, of course, not only causing disaster to people who live there, but also depriving man of some of the soil — the earth which he needs to grow his food on.And as further results will be, this happens, that the climate in many parts of the globe will change, maybe, of course, some parts will become warmer and may be better from that point of view, but others undoubtedly will s uffer. We can't know in total whether this will be a good or a bad thing, but we shouldn't just assume blindly that all will be well. We must try and plan and look on the gloomy side in a sense. We must assume the worst; we must take the worst case analysis, as it's called in England.It’s really quite a moot point today whether mankind will perish by flood or by frying, whether it'll be flooded out of existence or fried out of existence. For many decades after the Second World War, once the atom bomb had been invented, people were afraid above all of a nuclear war. Nu ­clear war was what it was feared, would wipe out mankind because, if there were Ð ° wÐ °r and nuclear weapons were used, and rockets with the nuclear warheads — â€Å"nukes† as the Americans call them – were used, then there's little hope for mankind, there'll be no victor in such a war.Everybody would be vanquished and, of course, the pollution would occur as a result, as well as the d evastation would probably, or could easily wipe out mankind, or if not wipe out mankind, then make lives, all life that was left unbearable, as to be almost not worth thinking about, not worth contemplating. There is, of course, an ever horrifying doomsday scenario, from which it's to be really gloomy about this sort of thing. This is the possibility of the Sun baking us all, frying us all.I haven't spoken about the possibility of flood from melting of the ice caps at the two Poles, but there's this other possibility which is opening up now as a result of man's activity in space and on earth, of course. Some of the hydrocarbons that we release into the atmosphere, es ­pecially those from the aerosol cans together, it is believed, with the rockets that we launch into space cause holes to appear, large holes to appear in the ozone layer above the Poles, above the Pole caps.And it is this layer, and this alone, incidentally, this ozone layer which prevents us all and which protects u s, in fact, from the harmful effects of the ultraviolet rays given off by the sun. Were there no ozone layer, Ð ¾f course, life would not be life as we know it. It would not be sustainable, and for our type of life it would be too hopeless, the rays, ultraviolet rays would harm us. We know this is so, when we go sunbathing we give caution not to expose our bodies too much to the effect of the sunrays. As if all this were not enough, we pollute our water in various other ways.We pollute it not only, that is to say, with oil slicks, spillages of one source or another. In many places, and certainly this is true in England, and probably true in other countries, I'm sure, it's true in many continental countries on the Mediterranean coast, for example, in many places untreated sewage is discharged directly into the sea, instead of being treated and used on the land, as would seem to be possible, of course. Side by side with this, we use huge quantities of chemical ferti ­lizers in our agriculture.Some of these fertilizers seep down into the underground water shelves and aquifers and finds its way into the river system together with chemicals discharged by factories, which are often sited near rivers and lakes, of course, straight into the river or the sea. We are polluting our waters with chemicals, with oil and with untreated sewage. And, of course, the oceans are huge, of course, they cover more of the earth surface than land, as we all know, but they can't endlessly prove a kind of flushing system, purification system for modern civilizations.The harmful chemicals which are deposited in one way or another into our rivers, our seas, our lakes and our oceans, get into parti ­cularly harmful metals, such as lead and cadmium; get into the food chain and the water supply. And, of course, we are absolutely depen ­dent on food, on safe food and water which is fit to drink. However, we mustn't be too gloomy about this, the mankind is capable not only of dirtying, of messing up the planet, it is also capable of cleaning it up, if he applies himself rationally to this problem.Many rivers have in recent years been cleaned up, that is to say, made a lot cleaner and the matter is clean as long as they would wish and they certainly have been improved immensely, the Thames in London is an example of this. Fish which have not been seen in the river Thames for decades are now reappearing there now. Of course, many of them are put in deliberately as the river is restocked. But the fish which would not have stood a chance of surviving in the Thames a few years ago are now able to survive in that environment, which is very encouraging, of course.There is another form of pollution I'd like to speak of briefly. It is not quite so harmful to the human race as a whole, but it is certainly deleterious, has a deleterious effect on the environment. It is one another environmental problem we have to deal with. This is the, what I call, noise pollution. This can come from various sources, for example, aircraft with the loud engines. These engines can be made quieter, and there is much effort going into making them less noisy all the time, but they are still enormously disruptive in their effects.Anybody who lives near an airport knows what a terrible noise these planes can make after they take off or when they are land ­ing. Some people can adapt to this, but not everybody can. It is not true that if you live near a noisy place, you'll adapt to it. I know from personal experience that a noisy traffic can have a continuously bad effect on one's health, because it disturbs one's sleep, keeps one awake and keeps one in a nervous state. Some people adapt to it, but many people, quite a large minority of people never adapt to noisy conditions.And the traffic noise and the bubble aircraft noise are the worst offenders in this respect. It's not only, of course, aircraft or road vehicles which cause a noise, but other things, such as the well-kn own ghetto blasters, as they call these, they are very loud hi-fi systems, or loudspeaker systems that they have in pubs and other places of entertainment. These are played at full blast, hence the name â€Å"blasters†, and they are very harmful to people's health. In the long run they can affect hearing.There is no doubt about it, scientists have shown that young people who are habitually exposed to very loud noises, to this deafening loud music, will in a course of years suffer an impairment in their hearing and can, in some cases, become deaf, which is a heavy price to pay for listening to loud rock music or something else of the kind. They can enjoy just as well at a lower volume surely, but the fashion today is to play these things as loud as possible, without regard for those around who, perhaps, don't want to hear these things.It's not uncommon for people in our country to play their transistors in their cars and then to open the car window and the sound comes out, and everybody hears whether they want to or not. I usually don't want to hear it. This is an offensive thing to do to one's fellow creatures to impose a sudden noise on them if, so to say, they don't want to hear. It's antisocial, to say the very least of it. It annoys me in ­tensely.And some shops where they sell hi-fi equipment will have that equipment, will have some music playing usually, usually junk music, I call it, playing very loud and such you can hear from the street. Why should I be, why should I be punished, as if my ears be afflicted with the sounds of music I don't wish to hear, which I don't regard in any way artistic or aesthetic, just because some other people are thoughtless, too thoughtless to turn the sound down. So we have created a problem, perhaps, of a nuisance. The same thing happens, of course, to transistors.Young people sometimes take a transistor with them, say, to a beach in the country and even in the town, and play it loud. And so all people are force d to listen to, are forced to hear it. This shouldn't be possible in fact, on our railways, I'm not sure about the buses, and other forms of public transport, certainly on our railways, it's illegal, it's technically illegal to play a transistor. It's perfectly acceptable to play one of these players, one of these personalized hi-fis which you wear, you just have earphones, walkmans, but not to play a transistor.We've created smokeless zones in our cities to rid ourselves of some of the pollution. Now, of course, we are not allowed to burn coal on our fires in most areas in England. In the country you still can have this kind of smoke, but in the towns one is not allowed to have an open fire which burns coal. One has to have a special smokeless fuel, and this, of course, has reduced the pollution and the fog and the smoke in the towns enormously. And even in my life-time I've noticed a huge difference in this respect.When I was a young man, it was common in November, particularly at the end of the year, to expe ­rience terrible fogs — â€Å"pea-soupers† we used to call them. And that was a mixture, of course, of industrial smoke, of smoke from all the chimneys in the houses and fog, and it really did look green, and the description of â€Å"pea-soupers† is very appropriate. It did look greenish, a horrible colour. It choked you, of course, and you got black deposits in your nose and so on. It was foul. People used to walk around with handkerchiefs and scarves wrapped around their noses and their eyes.They got into your eyes, as well, and it's really quite dreadful. We've managed to overcome that problem by the introduction of smokeless zones, I think some time in the late 1950s or early 60s. We could and should do something about the noise that we're creating, that is creat ­ing a nuisance for us. In a similar way, we could, in fact, impose re ­strictions on people. We have started in a small way but we need to go a lot further in th is respect. So all these problems, these problems of pollution are man-made problems.It is we, the human race who have caused these problems by failure to appreciate the extent of the damage we're doing to our environment by mismanagement, even when we do know the effects, we don't always take measures to secure a clean and safe environment. But we know now more and more of the matter, how very delicately balanced the ecology of our world is and that if we go on as we are doing, we might, well, disrupt it and alter it irreversibly, and to the detriment of all, all the human race. We've got to be extremely careful how we're moving in this respect.There is, as we say, only one spaceship — earth; we have only one planet, we are all in the same spaceship, all in the same boat, as we say. And we could perish unless we alter our attitudes, alter our industrial methods and ruthlessly punish those who are responsible for polluting parts of our Earth. And if we don't, I can quite trut hfully say that the sands of time are running out for mankind. *Sort some of the underlined vocabulary under the following headings (to have at least 5 items for each): a.words and phrases that show the attitude of people to environmental issues; b. the hottest environmental problems we are facing; c. the dramatic consequences of man’s activities; d. reasons for / causes of /sources of pollution and other ecological problems; e. ways of dealing with these problems; words and phrases that show the attitude of people to environmental issues; the hottest environmental problems we are facing; the dramatic consequences of man’s activities; reasons for / causes of /sources of pollution and other ecological problems; ways of dealing with these problems;